Mindmapping (Psycholinguistics)

 I. The Nature of Psycholinguistics

1)    The Nature of Psycholinguistics

1)     the study which learns mental processes in using language

2)     study 4 prominent topics

1)      Comprehension

2)      Biological Base and Neurological

3)      Achieving the Language

4)      Production

2)    The Nature of Language

1)     is an oral symbol system which is used by the members of speech community

3)    The Component of Language

1)     Semantic

2)     Syntax

3)     Phonology

4)    The History of Psycholinguistics

1)     Formative Stage

2)     Cognitive Stage

3)     Theory of Psycholinguistics Stage

4)     Linguistics Stage

5)    Pragmatics

1)     Study about the meaning in interaction between a speaker to another speaker

 

II.The Development of Speech Production (1)

1)    Early Speech Stage

1)     Naming

1)      When children use single words to refer to objects

2)      it occurs from 4-18 months

2)     Holophrastic

1)      when children use single words to express complex thought which involve the objects

3)     Telegraphic

1)      children become aware that adding more words will improve communication

2)      around 2 years of age or so

4)     Morphemic

2)    Vocalization, Babbling, and Spech

1)     Vocalization refers to uttering the speech sounds by making variety of sounds, crying, and gurgling

2)     Babbling means producing sounds by using repeated syllables

1)      Babbling is non-intentional in the sense that particular sounds are not under central cognitive control

2)      Most of the syllables are the basic consonant +vowel type

3)      some consist of closed syllables of the simple consonant + vowel + consonant variety

3)     The case of meaningful speech is sounds must not be uttered at random but must match previously heard sounds

1)      Vowels seem to be acquired in a back-to-front order

2)      consonants are acquired in a front-to-back order

 

III. The Development of Speech Production (2)

1)    Later Speech Stage

1)     Rule Formation for Other Complex Structures

1)      Verb problems

2)      Structures with two or more verbs

2)     Negative Formation

1)      Where to insert the negative marker

2)      When and Where to insert auxiliary 'do'

3)      When auxiliary 'do' is used,  then the tense form the verb is shifted to the auxiliary ‘do’.

4)      Lexical Concordance

5)      Optionally, AUX + NEG (‘did +’not’) can be contracted to ‘didn’t’.

3)     Rule Formation for Relative Clauses

4)     Rule formation for Passive

5)     Question Formation

1)      Yes-No Question

2)      WH Question

 

 

IV. The Development of Speech Comprehension

 

1)    Relative Paucity of Comprehension Study

1)     Comprehension can only be inferred on the basis of relevant behaviour

2)    The Case of Mute-Hearing Children

1)     these may be born with cerebral palsy or some other abnormality that prohibits them from articulating speech

3)    Newborns and Speech Input

1)     The neonates chose to listen the language their mothers spoke while pregnant

4)    Fetuses and Speech Input

1)     The ear of the fetus is developed enough to send sounds to the brain is unknown

2)     3-day-or younger infants be able to differenciate between Mother’s voice and another woman's voice

5)    Speech Comprehension in Normal Children

1)     the two systems of comprehension and production do not develop separately for the normal child.

 

V. The Relationship of Speech Production, Speech Comprehension, and Thought 

1)    The Relationship of Speech Production and Speech Production

1)     Speech Comprehension Necessarily Precedes Speech Production

1)      The basis of all language is meaning

2)      children couldnt begin to produce language meaningfuly if they cant hear and understand words, phrases, and sentences

2)    The Relationship of Speech Comprehension and Thought

1)     Thought as the Basis of Speech Comprehension

1)      without contents of thought the child would have nothing to assign as the meanings of words and sentences

 

VI. The Case of Parentese, Baby Talk Imitation, Rule Learning, Correction, Learning Abstract Words, and Memory and Logic in Language Learning

 1)    Imitation, Rule Learning, and Correction

1)     The Object of Imitation

2)     Productivity by Rule

3)     The Frequent Futility of Correction

2)    The Way of Children in Learning Abstract Words

3)    Parentese and Baby Talk

1)     Characteristics of Parentese

1)      Father vs Mother Speech

2)      Older Children too adapt their speech

3)      Exaggerated Intonation, pitch, and stress

4)      Immediacy and Concreteness

5)      Grammatically of Input

6)      Short Sentences and Simple Sentences

7)      Vocabulary : Simple and Short

2)     Characteristics Baby Talk

1)      Vocabulary

2)      Syntax

3)      Should Baby Talk be used ?

4)    Memory and Logic in language Learning

1)     The Types of Memory in Language Learning

2)     The Types of Logic in Learning Language